Citation:
Li, X., Wan, W. X., Cao, J. B., and Ren, Z. P. (2020). The source of tropospheric tides. Earth Planet. Phys., 4(5), 449–460doi: 10.26464/epp2020049
2020, 4(5): 449-460. doi: 10.26464/epp2020049
The source of tropospheric tides
1. | Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China |
2. | School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China |
3. | Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing 100083, China |
4. | Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China |
5. | Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China |
6. | University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China |
With the method of Hough mode decomposition (HMD), the tidal sources of the three main tidal components, namely, the migrating components DW1 (diurnal westward propagating wavenumber 1) and SW2 (semidiurnal westward propagating wavenumber 2) and the non-migrating component DE3 (diurnal eastward propagating wavenumber 3), at the tropospheric altitudes (1–12 km) and in the latitude range of ±60°, were obtained from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data during the interval from 1988 to 2011. We analyzed these sources in detail at 6 km and obtained the main properties of their yearly variations. The DW1 source was found to present a weak seasonal variation in the lower latitudes (about ±10°–15°). That is, the amplitudes of the DW1 sources were larger in the summer months than in the winter months, and DW1 presented semi-annual variation near the equator (±10°) such that the DW1 source was larger at the equinoxes than at the solstices. In addition, the SW2 source was symmetric and was stronger in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. The SW2 source presented remarkable annual and semi-annual variation such that the amplitudes were largest during the March equinox months and larger during the June solstice months. In contrast, DE3 appeared mainly around the equatorial latitudes within about ±30°. The DE3 source presented remarkable semi-annual variation that was larger around the solstices than the equinoxes in the southern hemisphere, and it was opposite in the northern hemisphere. By HMD, we found that the tropospheric tides were primarily dominated by some leading propagating Hough modes, specifically, the (1, 1), (2, 3), and (3, 3) modes; the influences of the other Hough modes were negligible. The consequences of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation modulation of tidal amplitudes for the energy and momentum budgets of the troposphere may now be expected to attract attention. In summary, the above yearly variations of the main tidal sources and the Hough coefficients demonstrate that an HMD analysis can be used to investigate the tropospheric tides.
Chapman, S., and Lindzen, R. S. (1970). Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel.222 |
Chen, Z. Y., and Lu, D. R. (2009a). Global structures of the DE3 tide. Chin. Sci. Bull., 54(6), 1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0585-x |
Chen, Z. Y., and Lu, D. R. (2009b). On the calculation of Hough functions for resolving atmospheric thermal tidal structure. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese) |
Forbes, J. M., and Garrett, H. B. (1978). Thermal excitation of atmospheric tides due to insolation absorption by O3 and H2O. Geophys. Res. Lett., 5(12), 1013–1016. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL005i012p01013 |
Forbes, J. M., and Garrett, H. B. (1979). Theoretical studies of atmospheric tides. Rev. Geophys., 17(8), 1951–1981. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG017i008p01951 |
Forbes, J. M. (1995). Tidal and planetary waves. In R. M. Johnson, et al. (Eds.), The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory (pp. 67–87). Washington: American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM087p0067222 |
Forbes, J. M., Zhang, X. L., Talaat, E. R., and Ward, W. (2003). Nonmigrating diurnal tides in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1033. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009262 |
Forbes, J. M., and Wu, D. (2006). Solar tides as revealed by measurements of mesosphere temperature by the MLS experiment on UARS. J. Atmos. Sci., 63(7), 1776–1797. https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3724.1 |
Gurubaran, S., Rajaram, R., Nakamura, T., and Tsuda, T. (2005). Interannual variability of diurnal tide in the tropical mesopause region: A signature of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(13), L13805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022928 |
Hagan, M. E. (1996). Comparative effects of migrating solar sources on tidal signatures in the middle and upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 101(D16), 21213–21222. https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd01374 |
Hagan, M. E., and Roble, R. G. (2001). Modeling diurnal tidal variability with the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere–ionosphere–mesosphere–electrodynamics general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 106(A11), 24869–24882. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001ja000057 |
Hagan, M. E., and Forbes, J. M. (2002). Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107(D24), ACL 6-1–ACL 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001236 |
Hamilton, K. (1981). Latent heat release as a possible forcing mechanism for atmospheric tides. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0003:lhraap>2.0.co;2 |
Harris, I., and Mayr, H. G. (1975). Diurnal variations in the thermosphere 1. Theoretical formulation. J. Geophys. Res., 80(28), 3925–3933. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA080i028p03925 |
Kato, S. (1980). Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere. Tokyo: Center for Academic Publications Japan.222 |
Li, X., Wan, W. X., Ren, Z. P., Liu, L. B., and Ning, B. Q. (2015a). The variability of nonmigrating tides detected from TIMED/SABER observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 120(12), 10793–10808. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021577 |
Li, X., Wan, W. X., Yu, Y., and Ren, Z. P. (2015b). Yearly variations of the stratospheric tides seen in the CFSR reanalysis data. Adv. Space Res., 56(9), 1822–1832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.014 |
Lieberman, R. S., Riggin, D. M., Ortland, D. A., Nesbitt, S. W., and Vincent, R. A. (2007). Variability of mesospheric diurnal tides and tropospheric diurnal heating during 1997-1998. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112(D20), D20110. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008578 |
Lindzen, R. S., and Blake, D. (1970). Mean heating of the thermosphere by tides. J. Geophys. Res., 75(33), 6868–6871. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC075i033p06868 |
Lindzen, R. S., and Will, D. I. (1973). An analytic formula for heating due to ozone absorption. J. Atmos. Sci., 30(3), 513–515. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0513:AAFFHD>2.0.CO;2 |
Manson, A. H., Luo, Y., and Meek, C. (2002). Global distributions of diurnal and semi-diurnal tides: observations from HRDI-UARS of the MLT region. Ann. Geophys., 20(11), 1877–1890. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1877-2002 |
Manzini, E. (2009). Atmospheric science: ENSO and the stratosphere. Nat. Geosci., 2(11), 749–750. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo677 |
Mayr, H. G., and Harris, I. (1977). Diurnal variations in the thermosphere, 2. Temperature, composition, and winds. J. Geophys. Res., 82(19), 2628–2640. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i019p02628 |
McLandress, C., and Ward, W. E. (1994). Tidal/gravity wave interactions and their influence on the large-scale dynamics of the middle atmosphere: Model results. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 99(D4), 8139–8155. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD00486 |
Oberheide, J., Hagan, M. E., Roble, R. G., and Offermann, D. (2002). Sources of nonmigrating tides in the tropical middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107(D21), ACL 6-1–ACL 6-14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002220 |
Oberheide, J., Forbes, J. M., Häusler, K., Wu, Q., and Bruinsma, S. L. (2009). Tropospheric tides from 80 to 400 km: Propagation, interannual variability, and solar cycle effects. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114(D1), D00I05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012388 |
Oberheide, J., Forbes, J. M., Zhang, X., and Bruinsma, S. L. (2011). Wave-driven variability in the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere system from TIMED observations: What contributes to the “wave 4”?. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 116(A1), A01306. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010ja015911 |
Pancheva, D., Mukhtarov, P., and Andonov, B. (2010). Global structure, seasonal and interannual variability of the eastward propagating tides seen in the SABER/TIMED temperatures (2002-2007). Adv. Space Res., 46(3), 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.026 |
Randel, W. J., Garcia, R. R., Calvo, N., and Marsh, D. (2009). ENSO influence on zonal mean temperature and ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(15), L15822. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039343 |
Ren, Z. P., Wan, W. X., Liu, L. B., Zhao, B. Q., Wei, Y., Yue, X. N., and Heelis, R. A. (2008). Longitudinal variations of electron temperature and total ion density in the sunset equatorial topside ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(5), L05108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032998 |
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H. L., Wu, X. R., Wang, J. D., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Kistler, R., Woollen, J., … Goldberg, M. (2010). The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91(8), 1015–1058. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010Bams3001.1 |
Sakazaki, T., Fujiwara, M., Zhang, X., Hagan, M. E., and Forbes, J. M. (2012). Diurnal tides from the troposphere to the lower mesosphere as deduced from TIMED/SABER satellite data and six global reanalysis data sets. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117(D13), D13108. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017117 |
Svoboda, A. A., Forbes, J. M., and Miyahara, S. (2005). A space-based climatology of diurnal MLT tidal winds, temperatures and densities from UARS wind measurements. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 67(16), 1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.08.018 |
Talaat, E. R. and Lieberman, R. S. (1999). Nonmigrating diurnal tides in mesospheric and lower-thermospheric winds and temperatures. J. Atmos. Sci., 56(24), 4073–4087. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469 |
Trenberth, K. E., Caron, J. M., Stepaniak, D. P., and Worley, S. (2002). Evolution of El Niño – Southern Oscillation and global atmospheric surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D8), 4065. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000298 |
Vial, F., Lott, F., and Teitelbaum, H. (1994). A possible signal of the El Niño – Southern Oscillation in time series of the diurnal tide. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(15), 1603–1606. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01016 |
Volland, H. (1988). Atmospheric Tidal and Planetary Waves. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.222 |
Wan, W., Liu, L., Pi, X., Zhang, M. L., Ning, B., Xiong, J., and Ding, F. (2008). Wavenumber-4 patterns of the total electron content over the low latitude ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(12), L12104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033755 |
Wan, W., Xiong, J., Ren, Z., Liu, L., Zhang, M. L., Ding, F., Ning, B., Zhao, B., and Yue, X. (2010). Correlation between the ionospheric WN4 signature and the upper atmospheric DE3 tide. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 115(A11), A11303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015527 |
Yu, Y., Wan, W. X., Ning, B. Q., Liu, L. B., Wang, Z. G., Hu, L. H., and Ren, Z. P. (2013). Tidal wind mapping from observations of a meteor radar chain in December 2011. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 118(5), 2321–2332. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017976 |
Yu, Y., Wan, W. X., Ren, Z. P., Xiong, B., Zhang, Y., Hu, L. H., Ning, B., and Liu, L. B. (2015). Seasonal variations of MLT tides revealed by a meteor radar chain based on Hough mode decomposition. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 120(8), 7030–7048. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021276 |
Zhang, X. L., Forbes, J. M., Hagan, M. E., Russell Ⅲ, J. M., Palo, S. E., Mertens, C. J., and Mlynczak, M. G. (2006). Monthly tidal temperatures 20-120 km from TIMED/SABER. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 111(A10), A10S08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011504 |
[1] |
MengHao Fu, Jun Cui, XiaoShu Wu, ZhaoPeng Wu, Jing Li, 2020: The variations of the Martian exobase altitude, Earth and Planetary Physics, 4, 4-10. doi: 10.26464/epp2020010 |
[2] |
Ting Feng, Chen Zhou, Xiang Wang, MoRan Liu, ZhengYu Zhao, 2020: Evidence of X-mode heating suppressing O-mode heating, Earth and Planetary Physics, 4, 588-597. doi: 10.26464/epp2020068 |
[3] |
ChunQin Wang, Zheng Chang, XiaoXin Zhang, GuoHong Shen, ShenYi Zhang, YueQiang Sun, JiaWei Li, Tao Jing, HuanXin Zhang, Ying Sun, BinQuan Zhang, 2020: Proton belt variations traced back to Fengyun-1C satellite observations, Earth and Planetary Physics, 4, 611-618. doi: 10.26464/epp2020069 |
[4] |
Tong Dang, JiuHou Lei, XianKang Dou, WeiXing Wan, 2017: A simulation study of 630 nm and 557.7 nm airglow variations due to dissociative recombination and thermal electrons by high-power HF heating, Earth and Planetary Physics, 1, 44-52. doi: 10.26464/epp2017006 |
[5] |
BinBin Ni, Jing Huang, YaSong Ge, Jun Cui, Yong Wei, XuDong Gu, Song Fu, Zheng Xiang, ZhengYu Zhao, 2018: Radiation belt electron scattering by whistler-mode chorus in the Jovian magnetosphere: Importance of ambient and wave parameters, Earth and Planetary Physics, 2, 1-14. doi: 10.26464/epp2018001 |
[6] |
Yang Li, QuanLiang Chen, JianPing Li, WenJun Zhang, MinHong Song, Wei Hua, HongKe Cai, XiaoFei Wu, 2019: The tropical Pacific cold tongue mode and its associated main ocean dynamical process in CMIP5 models, Earth and Planetary Physics, 3, 400-413. doi: 10.26464/epp2019041 |
[7] |
Xiang Wang, Chen Zhou, Tong Xu, Farideh Honary, Michael Rietveld, Vladimir Frolov, 2019: Stimulated electromagnetic emissions spectrum observed during an X-mode heating experiment at the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association, Earth and Planetary Physics, 3, 391-399. doi: 10.26464/epp2019042 |
Article Metrics
- PDF Downloads()
- Abstract views()
- HTML views()
- Cited by(0)